The nodemcu flasher can flash the stock firmware. If you want the latest firmware go to the espressif forums and grab it.
As far as powering the esp8266, the arduino will not source enough amperage to power it, which is probably causing the resets and failure to flash the firmware. Using a logic converter isn't a great way either because the resistors could be limiting the current to the esp8266 as well. As far as the cheap "power bar", many of those on eBay are of dubious quality make sure it has a decent regulator on board, even better if you could measure the current with a multimeter. I recommend you either use a dedicated 3.3v power supply (many cheap ones on eBay canton makes a very good one) or power it with batteries. I doubt you bricked either chip, just make sure you are supplying enough amperage. Also buy a cp2102 it will give you less headaches than flashing from an arduino. A cp2102 and a 3.3v power supply can be had for less than $9 dollars and you can reuse them in other projects.