Well, I don't think my forehead will ever be quite the same shape again after hitting it on so many brick walls, but I've finally got something working!
The things I had to do were:
1. Copy the "examples/driver_lib/driver/uart.c" and "examples/driver_lib/include/driver/uart*.h" files from the SDK to the local project (under the "driver" and "include/driver" directories respectively.)
2. Alter the "include/espmissingincludes.h" file to include the "os_type.h" file.
3. Make the following changes to the "uart.c" file:
- * Add include for "espmissingincludes.h"
* Add include for "user_interface.h"
* Create a forward definition to a function called "uart_rx_task"
* Remove the "uart_recv_task" function
* Alter the "system_os_task" call to create the "uart_recvTaskPrio" task to point to the "uart_rx_task"
5. Alter the makefile to look for the "uart.c" file under the "driver" directory
After all that, I could use the "uart_init" and "uart0_tx_buffer" functions and receive updates in my "uart_rx_task" function.
I wrote a post (yes, another techie playing with a blog - sorry!) about this solution: http://smallbits.marshall-tribe.net/blog/2016/05/14/esp8266-uart-fun and have put some sample code up on GitHub: https://github.com/itmarshall/esp8266-projects/tree/master/uart-blink. If there's anything unclear there, or could be better explained, please let me know as it is probably painfully obvious that I'm an engineer, not a writer and can't do words too good.
Cheers,
Ian